Pandas Profiling Report

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	15
Number of observations	404
Missing cells	0
Missing cells (%)	0.0%
Duplicate rows	0
Duplicate rows (%)	0.0%
Total size in memory	47.5 KiB
Average record size in memory	120.3 B

Variable types

Numeric	14
Categorical	1

Warnings

`RAD` is highly correlated with `TAX`	High correlation
`TAX` is highly correlated with `RAD`	High correlation
`df_index` has unique values	Unique
`ZN` has 293 (72.5%) zeros	Zeros

Reproduction

Analysis started	2021-03-13 13:42:27.495928
Analysis finished	2021-03-13 13:43:10.460997
Duration	42.97 seconds
Software version	pandas-profiling v2.11.0
Download configuration	config.yaml

df_index
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

UNIQUE

Distinct	404
Distinct (%)	100.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	246.8143564
Minimum	0
Maximum	505
Zeros	1
Zeros (%)	0.2%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	25.15
Q1	121.75
median	245
Q3	373.25
95-th percentile	473.7
Maximum	505
Range	505
Interquartile range (IQR)	251.5

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	145.3223257
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5887920291
Kurtosis	-1.194203186
Mean	246.8143564
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	126.5
Skewness	0.05370653547
Sum	99713
Variance	21118.57835
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	1	0.2%
322	1	0.2%
338	1	0.2%
337	1	0.2%
336	1	0.2%
335	1	0.2%
333	1	0.2%
332	1	0.2%
331	1	0.2%
328	1	0.2%
Other values (394)	394	97.5%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	1	0.2%
1	1	0.2%
2	1	0.2%
3	1	0.2%
7	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
505	1	0.2%
504	1	0.2%
502	1	0.2%
500	1	0.2%
499	1	0.2%

CRIM
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	402
Distinct (%)	99.5%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	3.69745495
Minimum	0.00632
Maximum	88.9762
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.00632
5-th percentile	0.027358
Q1	0.0825975
median	0.234405
Q3	3.5949275
95-th percentile	16.67119
Maximum	88.9762
Range	88.96988
Interquartile range (IQR)	3.51233

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	9.146742709
Coefficient of variation (CV)	2.473794226
Kurtosis	35.63375544
Mean	3.69745495
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.199565
Skewness	5.227843948
Sum	1493.7718
Variance	83.66290219
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.01501	2	0.5%
14.3337	2	0.5%
0.57834	1	0.2%
0.03548	1	0.2%
0.95577	1	0.2%
0.04113	1	0.2%
0.03537	1	0.2%
1.38799	1	0.2%
0.52014	1	0.2%
0.97617	1	0.2%
Other values (392)	392	97.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.00632	1	0.2%
0.00906	1	0.2%
0.01301	1	0.2%
0.01311	1	0.2%
0.0136	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
88.9762	1	0.2%
73.5341	1	0.2%
67.9208	1	0.2%
51.1358	1	0.2%
45.7461	1	0.2%

ZN
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

ZEROS

Distinct	25
Distinct (%)	6.2%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	11.52722772
Minimum	0
Maximum	100
Zeros	293
Zeros (%)	72.5%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0
median	0
Q3	20
95-th percentile	80
Maximum	100
Range	100
Interquartile range (IQR)	20

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	23.28828396
Coefficient of variation (CV)	2.020284888
Kurtosis	4.15345176
Mean	11.52722772
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	2.234782342
Sum	4657
Variance	542.34417
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=25)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	293	72.5%
20	19	4.7%
80	11	2.7%
25	9	2.2%
22	9	2.2%
12.5	7	1.7%
40	6	1.5%
30	5	1.2%
90	5	1.2%
45	5	1.2%
Other values (15)	35	8.7%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	293	72.5%
12.5	7	1.7%
17.5	1	0.2%
18	1	0.2%
20	19	4.7%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
100	1	0.2%
95	3	0.7%
90	5	1.2%
85	2	0.5%
82.5	1	0.2%

INDUS
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	72
Distinct (%)	17.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	11.0775
Minimum	0.46
Maximum	27.74
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.46
5-th percentile	2.18
Q1	5.19
median	9.125
Q3	18.1
95-th percentile	21.89
Maximum	27.74
Range	27.28
Interquartile range (IQR)	12.91

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	6.848411921
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.6182272102
Kurtosis	-1.232672408
Mean	11.0775
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5.715
Skewness	0.3126345632
Sum	4475.31
Variance	46.90074584
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
18.1	104	25.7%
19.58	23	5.7%
8.14	18	4.5%
6.2	13	3.2%
21.89	12	3.0%
3.97	10	2.5%
10.59	10	2.5%
5.86	9	2.2%
6.91	8	2.0%
8.56	8	2.0%
Other values (62)	189	46.8%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.46	1	0.2%
0.74	1	0.2%
1.21	1	0.2%
1.22	1	0.2%
1.25	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
27.74	3	0.7%
25.65	7	1.7%
21.89	12	3.0%
19.58	23	5.7%
18.1	104	25.7%

CHAS
Categorical

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	0.5%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

0.0	372
1.0	32

Length

Max length	3
Median length	3
Mean length	3
Min length	3

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	1212
Distinct characters	3
Distinct categories	2 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Sample

1st row	0.0
2nd row	0.0
3rd row	0.0
4th row	0.0
5th row	0.0

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.0	372	92.1%
1.0	32	7.9%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.0	372	92.1%
1.0	32	7.9%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	776	64.0%
.	404	33.3%
1	32	2.6%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Decimal Number	808	66.7%
Other Punctuation	404	33.3%

Most frequent character per category

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	776	96.0%
1	32	4.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
.	404	100.0%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Common	1212	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	776	64.0%
.	404	33.3%
1	32	2.6%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	1212	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	776	64.0%
.	404	33.3%
1	32	2.6%

NOX
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	76
Distinct (%)	18.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	0.5530262376
Minimum	0.385
Maximum	0.871
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.385
5-th percentile	0.40915
Q1	0.448
median	0.535
Q3	0.624
95-th percentile	0.74
Maximum	0.871
Range	0.486
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.176

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.1168946844
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2113727641
Kurtosis	-0.07277225706
Mean	0.5530262376
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.089
Skewness	0.7496713633
Sum	223.4226
Variance	0.01366436725
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.538	19	4.7%
0.713	17	4.2%
0.437	15	3.7%
0.871	13	3.2%
0.489	13	3.2%
0.624	12	3.0%
0.693	11	2.7%
0.605	10	2.5%
0.74	9	2.2%
0.7	9	2.2%
Other values (66)	276	68.3%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.385	1	0.2%
0.392	2	0.5%
0.394	1	0.2%
0.4	3	0.7%
0.401	3	0.7%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.871	13	3.2%
0.77	7	1.7%
0.74	9	2.2%
0.718	3	0.7%
0.713	17	4.2%

RM
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	366
Distinct (%)	90.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	6.268792079
Minimum	3.561
Maximum	8.78
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	3.561
5-th percentile	5.31
Q1	5.87675
median	6.179
Q3	6.6265
95-th percentile	7.4676
Maximum	8.78
Range	5.219
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.74975

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.6892286632
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1099460079
Kurtosis	1.676887523
Mean	6.268792079
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.3405
Skewness	0.2821905315
Sum	2532.592
Variance	0.4750361502
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
6.167	3	0.7%
6.229	3	0.7%
5.713	3	0.7%
6.405	2	0.5%
6.315	2	0.5%
6.951	2	0.5%
6.127	2	0.5%
6.727	2	0.5%
6.193	2	0.5%
6.376	2	0.5%
Other values (356)	381	94.3%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3.561	1	0.2%
3.863	1	0.2%
4.138	1	0.2%
4.368	1	0.2%
4.519	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
8.78	1	0.2%
8.398	1	0.2%
8.375	1	0.2%
8.297	1	0.2%
8.259	1	0.2%

AGE
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	302
Distinct (%)	74.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	67.93564356
Minimum	2.9
Maximum	100
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	2.9
5-th percentile	17.5
Q1	43.25
median	76.8
Q3	93.825
95-th percentile	100
Maximum	100
Range	97.1
Interquartile range (IQR)	50.575

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	28.56318609
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.4204447709
Kurtosis	-1.009870706
Mean	67.93564356
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	20.2
Skewness	-0.5791546473
Sum	27446
Variance	815.8555998
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
100	35	8.7%
87.9	4	1.0%
96	4	1.0%
95.6	3	0.7%
97.3	3	0.7%
97.9	3	0.7%
95.4	3	0.7%
97	3	0.7%
36.6	3	0.7%
94.1	3	0.7%
Other values (292)	340	84.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2.9	1	0.2%
6	1	0.2%
6.2	1	0.2%
6.5	1	0.2%
6.6	2	0.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
100	35	8.7%
99.3	1	0.2%
99.1	1	0.2%
98.9	1	0.2%
98.8	2	0.5%

DIS
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	339
Distinct (%)	83.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	3.826110644
Minimum	1.1296
Maximum	12.1265
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1.1296
5-th percentile	1.45632
Q1	2.10535
median	3.2986
Q3	5.141475
95-th percentile	7.935835
Maximum	12.1265
Range	10.9969
Interquartile range (IQR)	3.036125

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	2.120998991
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5543485771
Kurtosis	0.527037588
Mean	3.826110644
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1.33105
Skewness	1.018401402
Sum	1545.7487
Variance	4.498636721
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3.4952	5	1.2%
5.7209	4	1.0%
5.2873	4	1.0%
6.8147	4	1.0%
5.4007	4	1.0%
7.3172	3	0.7%
6.4798	3	0.7%
7.309	3	0.7%
4.8122	3	0.7%
3.9454	3	0.7%
Other values (329)	368	91.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1.1296	1	0.2%
1.137	1	0.2%
1.1691	1	0.2%
1.1742	1	0.2%
1.3163	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
12.1265	1	0.2%
10.7103	1	0.2%
10.5857	2	0.5%
9.2229	1	0.2%
9.2203	2	0.5%

RAD
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	9
Distinct (%)	2.2%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	9.47029703
Minimum	1
Maximum	24
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	2
Q1	4
median	5
Q3	24
95-th percentile	24
Maximum	24
Range	23
Interquartile range (IQR)	20

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	8.680236753
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.9165749211
Kurtosis	-0.8248875946
Mean	9.47029703
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	2
Skewness	1.02475827
Sum	3826
Variance	75.34651009
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=9)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
24	104	25.7%
5	92	22.8%
4	85	21.0%
3	32	7.9%
2	22	5.4%
6	21	5.2%
8	18	4.5%
7	15	3.7%
1	15	3.7%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	15	3.7%
2	22	5.4%
3	32	7.9%
4	85	21.0%
5	92	22.8%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
24	104	25.7%
8	18	4.5%
7	15	3.7%
6	21	5.2%
5	92	22.8%

TAX
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	63
Distinct (%)	15.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	403.2574257
Minimum	187
Maximum	711
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	187
5-th percentile	216.9
Q1	277
median	329
Q3	666
95-th percentile	666
Maximum	711
Range	524
Interquartile range (IQR)	389

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	169.0304804
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.4191627223
Kurtosis	-1.100215829
Mean	403.2574257
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	74
Skewness	0.7026853169
Sum	162916
Variance	28571.30329
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
666	104	25.7%
307	31	7.7%
403	23	5.7%
437	12	3.0%
398	11	2.7%
277	10	2.5%
304	10	2.5%
264	10	2.5%
330	9	2.2%
384	8	2.0%
Other values (53)	176	43.6%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
187	1	0.2%
188	7	1.7%
193	7	1.7%
198	1	0.2%
216	5	1.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
711	3	0.7%
666	104	25.7%
469	1	0.2%
437	12	3.0%
432	7	1.7%

PTRATIO
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	46
Distinct (%)	11.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	18.43861386
Minimum	12.6
Maximum	22
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	12.6
5-th percentile	14.7
Q1	17.225
median	19
Q3	20.2
95-th percentile	21
Maximum	22
Range	9.4
Interquartile range (IQR)	2.975

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	2.169468737
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1176589929
Kurtosis	-0.2321044426
Mean	18.43861386
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1.2
Skewness	-0.8066332559
Sum	7449.2
Variance	4.7065946
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=46)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
20.2	111	27.5%
14.7	25	6.2%
21	21	5.2%
17.8	19	4.7%
18.6	16	4.0%
19.1	16	4.0%
19.2	15	3.7%
16.6	15	3.7%
17.4	13	3.2%
21.2	12	3.0%
Other values (36)	141	34.9%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
12.6	3	0.7%
13	10	2.5%
13.6	1	0.2%
14.4	1	0.2%
14.7	25	6.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
22	2	0.5%
21.2	12	3.0%
21.1	1	0.2%
21	21	5.2%
20.9	8	2.0%

B
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	287
Distinct (%)	71.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	357.1536881
Minimum	0.32
Maximum	396.9
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.32
5-th percentile	88.049
Q1	376.0925
median	391.575
Q3	396.1575
95-th percentile	396.9
Maximum	396.9
Range	396.58
Interquartile range (IQR)	20.065

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	91.5416474
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2563088397
Kurtosis	7.383862826
Mean	357.1536881
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5.325
Skewness	-2.921604753
Sum	144290.09
Variance	8379.873208
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
396.9	96	23.8%
395.24	3	0.7%
393.74	3	0.7%
341.6	2	0.5%
395.62	2	0.5%
377.07	2	0.5%
376.14	2	0.5%
393.23	2	0.5%
395.58	2	0.5%
392.78	2	0.5%
Other values (277)	288	71.3%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.32	1	0.2%
2.52	1	0.2%
2.6	1	0.2%
3.5	1	0.2%
3.65	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
396.9	96	23.8%
396.33	1	0.2%
396.28	1	0.2%
396.24	1	0.2%
396.23	1	0.2%

LSTAT
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	366
Distinct (%)	90.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	12.7785396
Minimum	1.73
Maximum	37.97
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1.73
5-th percentile	3.7045
Q1	7.0925
median	11.465
Q3	17.1025
95-th percentile	26.8125
Maximum	37.97
Range	36.24
Interquartile range (IQR)	10.01

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	7.216402642
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5647282761
Kurtosis	0.5613141428
Mean	12.7785396
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	4.82
Skewness	0.9211819112
Sum	5162.53
Variance	52.07646709
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
8.05	3	0.7%
7.79	3	0.7%
6.36	3	0.7%
18.13	3	0.7%
15.17	2	0.5%
23.98	2	0.5%
13.15	2	0.5%
10.11	2	0.5%
3.76	2	0.5%
14.81	2	0.5%
Other values (356)	380	94.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1.73	1	0.2%
1.98	1	0.2%
2.87	1	0.2%
2.94	1	0.2%
2.97	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
37.97	1	0.2%
36.98	1	0.2%
34.77	1	0.2%
34.41	1	0.2%
34.37	1	0.2%

MEDV
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	210
Distinct (%)	52.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	22.52227723
Minimum	5
Maximum	50
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.3 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	5
5-th percentile	10.23
Q1	17.175
median	21.05
Q3	25.225
95-th percentile	42.15
Maximum	50
Range	45
Interquartile range (IQR)	8.05

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	8.998990777
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3995595421
Kurtosis	1.469384182
Mean	22.52227723
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	3.95
Skewness	1.056975148
Sum	9099
Variance	80.981835
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
50	11	2.7%
23.1	7	1.7%
25	6	1.5%
20.6	6	1.5%
21.2	5	1.2%
17.8	5	1.2%
21.7	5	1.2%
19.6	5	1.2%
22	5	1.2%
21.4	5	1.2%
Other values (200)	344	85.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5	2	0.5%
5.6	1	0.2%
7	2	0.5%
7.2	3	0.7%
7.4	1	0.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
50	11	2.7%
48.8	1	0.2%
48.5	1	0.2%
46.7	1	0.2%
46	1	0.2%

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

Count
Matrix

A simple visualization of nullity by column.

Nullity matrix is a data-dense display which lets you quickly visually pick out patterns in data completion.

First rows

	df_index	CRIM	ZN	INDUS	CHAS	NOX	RM	AGE	DIS	RAD	TAX	PTRATIO	B	LSTAT	MEDV
0	42	0.14150	0.0	6.91	0.0	0.448	6.169	6.6	5.7209	3.0	233.0	17.9	383.37	5.81	25.3
1	58	0.15445	25.0	5.13	0.0	0.453	6.145	29.2	7.8148	8.0	284.0	19.7	390.68	6.86	23.3
2	385	16.81180	0.0	18.10	0.0	0.700	5.277	98.1	1.4261	24.0	666.0	20.2	396.90	30.81	7.2
3	78	0.05646	0.0	12.83	0.0	0.437	6.232	53.7	5.0141	5.0	398.0	18.7	386.40	12.34	21.2
4	424	8.79212	0.0	18.10	0.0	0.584	5.565	70.6	2.0635	24.0	666.0	20.2	3.65	17.16	11.7
5	160	1.27346	0.0	19.58	1.0	0.605	6.250	92.6	1.7984	5.0	403.0	14.7	338.92	5.50	27.0
6	185	0.06047	0.0	2.46	0.0	0.488	6.153	68.8	3.2797	3.0	193.0	17.8	387.11	13.15	29.6
7	101	0.11432	0.0	8.56	0.0	0.520	6.781	71.3	2.8561	5.0	384.0	20.9	395.58	7.67	26.5
8	268	0.54050	20.0	3.97	0.0	0.575	7.470	52.6	2.8720	5.0	264.0	13.0	390.30	3.16	43.5
9	173	0.09178	0.0	4.05	0.0	0.510	6.416	84.1	2.6463	5.0	296.0	16.6	395.50	9.04	23.6

Last rows

	df_index	CRIM	ZN	INDUS	NOX	RM	AGE	DIS	RAD	TAX	PTRATIO	B	LSTAT	MEDV
394	448	9.32909	0.0	18.10	0.7130	6.185	98.7	2.2616	24.0	666.0	20.2	396.90	18.13	14.1
395	335	0.03961	0.0	5.19	0.5150	6.037	34.5	5.9853	5.0	224.0	20.2	396.90	8.01	21.1
396	133	0.32982	0.0	21.89	0.6240	5.822	95.4	2.4699	4.0	437.0	21.2	388.69	15.03	18.4
397	203	0.03510	95.0	2.68	0.4161	7.853	33.2	5.1180	4.0	224.0	14.7	392.78	3.81	48.5
398	393	8.64476	0.0	18.10	0.6930	6.193	92.6	1.7912	24.0	666.0	20.2	396.90	15.17	13.8
399	255	0.03548	80.0	3.64	0.3920	5.876	19.1	9.2203	1.0	315.0	16.4	395.18	9.25	20.9
400	72	0.09164	0.0	10.81	0.4130	6.065	7.8	5.2873	4.0	305.0	19.2	390.91	5.52	22.8
401	396	5.87205	0.0	18.10	0.6930	6.405	96.0	1.6768	24.0	666.0	20.2	396.90	19.37	12.5
402	235	0.33045	0.0	6.20	0.5070	6.086	61.5	3.6519	8.0	307.0	17.4	376.75	10.88	24.0
403	37	0.08014	0.0	5.96	0.4990	5.850	41.5	3.9342	5.0	279.0	19.2	396.90	8.77	21.0

Overview

Variables

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent character per category

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent character per script

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent character per block

Interactions

Correlations

Pearson's r

Spearman's ρ

Kendall's τ

Phik (φk)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows